摄影用光的十条技巧

    相反的，光源越窄，光线越硬。广泛的光源能够弱化阴影、降低对比、抑制纹理，较窄的光源则作用相反。这是因为光源越广，射在物体上光线的方向就越多，这会起到增加场景中的照明、减少阴影的作用。

Tip: Position a portrait subject near a large, bright window that does not receive direct sunlight. It makes for a no-cost softbox— no studio equipment necessary.

小提示：将人像主体安排在一扇不受阳光直射且大而亮的窗户边，窗户可以起到柔光箱的效果，不再需要影室专用设备。

2. The closer the light source, the softer the light. The farther the source, the harder the light. This stands to reason: Move a light closer, and you make it bigger—that is, broader—in relation to your subject. Move it farther away, and you make it relatively smaller, and therefore more narrow.

No.2 光源越近，光线越柔和

    相反的，光源越远，光线越硬。这是因为当光源离被摄体越近，相对的就越大，也就是越广；而当光源离被摄体越远，相对的就越小，也就是越窄。

Think about the sun, which is something like 109 times the diameter of the earth—pretty broad! But, at 93 million miles away, it takes up a very small portion of the sky and hence casts very hard light when falling directly on a subject.

    以太阳为例，太阳的直径是地球的109倍，它本是一个相当广的光源！但是太阳距地球9300万英里（约1.5亿千米），只占地球天空非常小的一小部分，因此当阳光直射在物体上时光线就很硬。

Tip: When photographing people indoors by available light, move lamps closer to them or vice versa for more flattering light.

小提示：在室内用现有灯光拍摄人像时，可以通过改变光源与被摄体间距离的方法使照片的光线更加动人。

3. Diffusion scatters light, essentially making the light source broader and therefore softer. When clouds drift in front of the sun, shadows get less distinct. Add fog, and the shadows disappear. Clouds, overcast skies, and fog act as diffusion—something that scatters the light in many directions. On overcast or foggy days, the entire sky, in effect, becomes a single very broad light source—nature’s softbox.

No.3 漫散射能够分散光线，使光源变广、光线变柔

    运用漫散射分散光线的实质还是使光源变广，从而达到柔化光线的目的。当云层遮挡住阳光，物体上的阴影会明显减少，如果有雾，阴影则会消失。云层、阴沉的 天空和大雾都会使光线发生漫射，漫射会将光线分散向各个方向。阴天和雾天时，整个天空会变成一个非常广的光源，一个天然的柔光箱。

Tip: Materials such as translucent plastic or white fabric can be used to diffuse a harsh light source. You can place a diffuser in front of an artificial light, such as a strobe. Or, if you're in bright sun, use a light tent or white scrim to soften the light falling on your subject.

小提示：半透明塑料或白色织物等材料都可以用来漫射强烈的光线。你可以在人工光源─如影室闪光灯前加一个柔光罩；如果在明亮的阳光下，也可以使用柔光篷或柔光箱来柔化光线。

4. Bouncing light acts as diffusion. Aim a narrow light source at a broad, matte surface—such as a wall, ceiling, or matte reflector—and it not only reflects the light but also diffuses it by scattering it over a wider area.

No.4 在反射中漫射光线

    将一束较窄的光线射在一个较大的磨砂表面上，如墙壁、屋顶或磨砂反光板等，光线在反射的过程中会发生被漫射到较宽广的区域。

Use a shiny refiector, though, and the light will stay fairly narrow on the bounce. The most extreme type of shiny refiector—a mirror—will keep the light focused pretty much as narrowly in the refiection.

    但是如果使用光面反光板，光线被反射后仍然会很窄。镜子是一种极端的光面反光板，它反射的光线几乎与入射光线一样窄。

Tip: Crumple a big piece of aluminum foil, spread in out again, and wrap it around a piece of cardboard, shiny side out. It makes a good reflector that’s not quite as soft in effect as a matte white surface—great for adding sparkly highlights.

小提示：将一大块铝箔揉成团，展开后将亮面向外，包在一块纸板上，一块柔光反光板就做好了。虽然这种自制反光板的漫射效果不如白色磨砂反光板，但它能在照片中增加闪闪发亮的光点。

5. The farther the light source, the more it falls off— gets dimmer on your subject. The rule says that light falls off as the square of the distance. That sounds complicated, but isn’t really. If you move a light twice as far from your subject, you end up with only one-quarter of the light on the subject.

No.5 光源越远，光线的衰减越快，主体也越暗

    这条规则指出，被摄主体的光照度与距离的平方成反比。这听起来有些复杂，其实很简单，举例说明：如果你将光源至被摄主体的距离增加1倍，那么落在主体上的光线只有距离增加前的四分之一。

In other words, light gets dim fast when you move it away— something to keep in mind if you’re moving your lights or your subject to change the quality of the light.

    换言之，光线会随着光源的远离而迅速衰减。这条规则我们应牢记，如果你准备移动光源或被摄主体，一定要改变光线的品质。

Also remember that bouncing light—even into a shiny reflector that keeps light directional— adds to the distance it travels.

    同样还要注意的是，经过反射的光线其行进的距离也会增加，即使使用光面反光板也一样。

Tip: Set your camera’s flash (pop-up or hot-shoe) to fill flash for outdoor portraits on harshly lit days. This will lighten shadows on your subject’s face but won’t affect the background exposure—it will fall off by then.

小提示：在天气条件很差的室外拍摄人像时应使用闪光灯（热靴或弹出式均可），这样即可以消除人脸部的阴影，也不会影响背景的曝光，因为闪光灯发出的光到达背景时已经弱到可以忽略不计了。

6. Light falloff can be used to vary the relationship between the light on your subject and your background. If you place a light close to your subject, the falloff from the subject to the background will be more pronounced. Move the light farther from your subject, and the background will be relatively brighter.

No.6 可以利用光线衰减改变摄影主体和背景间的关系

    如果灯光距离拍摄主体近，主体和背景间的光照度查别会比较明显；如果灯光距离主体较远，则背景也会相应地变亮。

The same holds true for sidelighting: With a light close to the side of your subject, the falloff of light across the frame will be more pronounced than if the light is farther away.

    该原则同样适用于侧光：侧光源离被摄主体近时，整个画面的光线衰减将比光源离主体远时更明显。

Tip: If your subject is frontlit by windowlight, keep the person close to the window to make the room’s back wall fall off in darkness. If you want some illumination on the wall, though, move the person back closer to it and away from the window.

小提示：如果被摄主体的正面光是从窗户射入的光线，那么让主体靠近窗户可以使室内的背景变暗。如果你想让室内背景更明亮，则应让主体远离窗户、靠近背景。

7. Frontlighting de-emphasizes texture; lighting from the side, above, or below emphasizes it. A portraitist may want to keep the light source close to the axis of the lens to suppress skin wrinkles, while a landscapist may want sidelighting to emphasize the texture of rocks, sand, and foliage. Generally, the greater the angle at which the light is positioned to the subject, the more texture is revealed.

No.7 正面光会减弱主体的纹理，而侧光、顶光和底光则可以强化主体纹理

    人像摄影师通常会将光源保持在镜头的轴线附近来弱化被摄主体面部的皱纹，而风景摄影师更喜欢用侧光强调岩石、沙石和叶子的纹理。一般来说，光线方向和被摄主体角度越大，主体的纹理就越明显。

Tip: To retain detail in your fluffy pet’s fur, position the light source somewhat to the side rather than straight on.

小提示：想突出宠物毛茸茸的毛发时最好将光源置于侧面，比采用正面光源要好。

8. Shadows create volume. That’s how photographers describe threedimensionality, the sense of seeing an image as an object in space, not projected on a flat surface.

No.8 阴影创造立体感

    阴影是摄影师描述物体三维性的手段，它能使物体在照片中呈现出空间感，而不仅仅是物体在平面上的投影。

Again, lighting from the side, above, or below, by casting deeper and longer shadows, creates the sense of volume. Still-life, product, and landscape photographers use angular lighting for this reason.

    同样，侧光、顶光和底光能够在物体上投射出深而长的影子，从而制造出立体感。因此，静物、商业产品和风光摄影师喜欢使用有角度的光线。

Tip: Try “Hollywood lighting” for a dramatic portrait. Position a light high above and slightly to the side of your subject, angled down, but not so much that the shadow of the nose falls more than midway down the upper lip.

小提示：你可以尝试使用“好莱坞照明法”来拍摄戏剧性的肖像作品。将顶光置于主体正上方稍偏的位置，调整灯光角度，使人物鼻子的阴影落在人中稍偏下的位置上。

9. Backlight can be used as highly diffused lighting. Very few subjects are totally backlit, that is, in pure silhouette, with no light at all falling from the front. A person with his back to a bright window will have light reflected from an opposite wall falling on him. Someone standing outside with her back to bright sunlight will have light falling on her from the open sky in front of her. In either case, you’ll need to increase exposure to record the light falling on the subject—and this light will deemphasize facial texture and dimensionality.

No.9 背光可以作为高度散射的光源使用

    很少有仅仅靠背光照明的物体，也就是说正面一点儿照明都没有的纯剪影几乎没有。如果一个人站在明亮的窗户前，对面的墙壁会反射部分光线落在人身上。如果 一个人在户外，即使背景是明亮的阳光，正面也会有来自天空的光线照射。无论哪种情况，要想记录落在主体上的光线，就要增加曝光，而且这些光线会减少面部的 细节，削弱主体的立体感。

Tip: For spark in a backlit portrait or silhouette, try compositions that include the light source. This can drive your meter crazy, though, so bracket your exposures.

小提示：在拍摄背光照明的人像或剪影时，试着将光源纳入构图中，但是这样会导致测光表读数不准，因此可以尝试使用包围曝光法。

10. Light has color, even when it looks “white.” This is called color temperature, and our eye/brain computer is very adept at adjusting our perception so that we hardly notice it. Digital sensors and film, though, may record color casts where our eyes didn’t see them.

No.10 光线是有色彩的

    尽管有的时候光线看前来像“无色”的，但它其实也是有色彩的，我们称其为色温。只是我们的眼睛和大脑组成的“计算机”能够调整感知、适应变化，我们很难注意到罢了。但是数码传感器和胶片则会记录下我们看不到的色彩。

The color of early morning and late afternoon sunlight is warm in tone, while open shade at midday can be quite bluish. Tungsten light bulbs cast very yellow light. And any surface that light bounces off can add its color.

    清晨和傍晚的阳光拥有温暖的色调，中午阳光投射的阴影则会变的很蓝。钨丝灯光明显偏黄，而且反射这种光线的表面也会呈现出相应的颜色。

With digital cameras, you can use the white-balance control to neutralize color casts or to emphasize them—for example, to add a warmer tone to a landscape or portrait. With slide film, you had to choose the right film for the light you’d be shooting in, or compensate with filters.

     对于数码相机而言，你可以使用白平衡功能来消除或强调光线的颜色。例如可以增加风光或人像照片中的暖色调。对于胶片电影的拍摄则必须根据拍摄环境选择适当的胶片，或者采用滤镜补偿。

Tip: Landscapes shot on clear days can be very blue, especially in the shadows. Set your camera’s color balance to Cloudy, which acts as a warming filter for a more golden glow.